Thursday, December 3, 2015

Narratrion 2



NARRATION / SPEECH

e³v hv e‡jb ZvB Narration ev Dw³| Narration `yB cÖKvi| h_v t-
i)        Direct Narration (cÖZ¨¶ Dw³)|
ii)      Indirect Narration (c‡iv¶ Dw³)|
i)                    Direct Narration :- hLb †Kvb e¨w³ A‡b¨i fvl¨‡K ûeû e‡jb ev cÖKvk K‡ib ZLb Zv‡K Direct Narration e‡j| Direct Narration ev Speech memgq Inverted comma (Ò  Ó) Gi g‡a¨ mxgve× ivL‡Z nq|
†hgb t- Hamid said, “I shall go home today.” (nvwg` ejj, ÒAvwg AvR evwo hve|Ó)
ii)                  Indirect Narration :- hLb †Kvb e¨w³ A‡b¨i fvl¨‡K wb‡Ri gZ K‡i e‡jb ev cÖKvk K‡ib ZLb Zv‡K Indirect Narration ev Speech e‡j| Indirect Narration G memgq Inverted comma (Ò  Ó) D‡V hvq|
†hgb t- Hamid said that he would go home that day. (nvwg` ejj †h, †m Hw`b evwo hv‡e|)
Narration -Gi K‡qKwU †gŠwjK wbqg I Z_¨ wb‡gœ †`qv nj t-
GKwU Direct Narration Gi cÖavb `ywU Ask n‡jv t-
i)        Reporting Verb
ii)      Reported Speech
i)                    Reporting Verb:- ‡Kvb e¨w³ †h wµqv w`‡q e³vi e³e¨ ïi“ K‡i Zv‡K Reporting Verb e‡j|
†hgbt- He said, “I am ill.” (†m ejj, ÒAvwg Amy¯’|Ó)
GLv‡b said, Reporting Verb
ii)                  Reported Speech:- Inverted comma Gi g‡a¨ †h evK¨wU _v‡K Zv‡K Reported Speech e‡j|
Dc‡ivwj­wLZ D`vni‡Y †`Lv hvq †h, “I am ill” GB evK¨wU Inverted Comma Gi g‡a¨ Av‡Q| myZvis “I am ill” B n‡jv Reported Speech.

Person cwieZ©‡bi wbqg
  1. Reported Speech Gi AšÍ©MZ First Person me©`v Reporting Verb Gi Subject Abyhvqx cwieZ©b nq|
Ex: He said to me, “I have done my duty”.
                        He said to me that he had done his duty.
  1. Reported Speech Gi AšÍ©MZ Second Person me©`v Reporting verb Gi Object Abyhvqx nq|
Ex: He said to me, “You did the work”.
He told me that I had done the work.
  1. Reported Speech Gi AšÍ©MZ Third Person AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
Ex: Rupa said to Sumi, “ She has got two pens”.
                        Rupa told Sumi that She(R) had got two pens.
# hLb e³vi †Kvb D‡j­L bv _v‡K ZLb e³v a‡i wb‡q Indirect Narration Ki‡Z nq| †hgb t-
Ex: “I shall go home soon”.
The speaker said to the person spoken to that he would go home soon.
Or, He said to me that he would go home soon. 
  1. `We’ Øviv Ôgvbe RvwZÕ eySv‡j Indirect Speech G Zv AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
Ex: She said, “We shall leave this world soon”.
She said that we would leave this world soon.
# Editorial “We” Indirect Speech G “It”G cwiewZ©Z nq|
Ex: The Independent says, “We make the people aware of this fact”.
The Independent says that it makes the people aware of this fact.

Tense cwieZ©‡bi wbqg
Reporting Verb wU Past Tense G _vK‡j wbgœi‡c Tense cwiewZ©Z nq |
Tense (Direct Narration) Reported Speech
Tense (Indirect Narration) Reported Speech
Present Indefinite
Past Indefinite
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Indefinite
Past Perfect
Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect
No change
Past Perfect Continuous
No change
Future
Future in the past
Reported Speech G hw` Modal Auxiliaries _v‡K Z‡e Indirect Narration G iƒcvšÍ‡ii mgq G‡`i wbgœiƒc cwieZ©b n‡et-
Direct Narration (Reported Speech)
Indirect Narration (Reported Speech)
Shall
Should
Will
Would
Can
Could
May
Might
Can be
Could be
May be
Might be
Shall be
Should be
Will be
Would be
Should have
Should have had
Could have
Could have had
May have
Might have
Need (hw` Principal verb iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq)
Needed
Dare (hw` Principal verb iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq)
Dared
Must
Had to
Must have + noun
Must have had + noun
Reporting Verb Gi Tense G KZ¸‡jv welq we‡klfv‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
i)                    hw` Reporting verb wU Present ev Future Tense nq Z‡e Reported speech Gi Tense Gi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b n‡e bv| †hgbt-
Direct        : Sathi says, “I have done the sum”.
Indirect     : Sathi says that she has done the sum.
Direct        : Sathi will say, “I have done the sum”.
Indirect     : Sathi will say that she has done the sum.
ii)                  Reported Speech hw` wPišÍb mZ¨ ev ¯^fvem~jf mZ¨ eySvq Z‡e Reporting verb, Past Tense _vK‡j I Reported Speech Gi Tense Gi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b n‡e bv| †hgbt-
Direct        : The teacher said, “The earth moves round the sun”.
Indirect     : The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun.
iii)                Reporting verb hw` Past Tense nq Zvn‡j wbgœiƒc cwiewZ©Z n‡e| †hgbt-
Direct        : He said, “I am happy.”
Indirect     : He said that he was happy.
Direct        : He said, “I am reading a book.”
Indirect     : He said that he was reading a book.
Direct        : He said, “I have been reading in this school for five years.”
Indirect     : He said that he had been reading in this school for five years.
Direct        : He said, “I drew a picture.”
Indirect     : He said that he had drawn a picture.
Direct        : He said, “I was singing a song.”
Indirect     : He said that he had been singing a song.
Direct        : He said, “I had driven a car.”                                                                        
Indirect     : He said that he had driven a car.
Direct        : He said, “I shall go to cinema.”
Indirect     : He said that he would go to cinema.
Direct        : He said, “I may go to the fair.”
Indirect     : He said that he might go to the fair.
Direct        : He said, “I should go to the hospital.”
Indirect     : He said that he should go to the hospital.
Direct        : Monika said, “I must write a letter.”
Indirect     : Monika said that she had to write a letter.
Direct        : Father said to his son, “You must obey your teacher.”
Indirect     : Father said to his son that he (son) must obey his teacher.
{we.`ª. t- Must Øviv wPiKvjxb eva¨evaKZv eySv‡j Must Gi †Kvb cwieZ©b n‡e bv|}
Indirect Narration Kivi mgq Direct Narration Gi wbKUeZx© kã‡K `~ieZx© k‡ã cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq| G‡`i wb‡Pi Q‡K †`Lv‡bv nj t-
Direct Narration (Reported Speech)
Indirect Narration (Reported Speech)
This (GB)
That (H)
These (GB¸‡jv)
Those (H¸‡jv)
Here (GLv‡b)
There (†mLv‡b)
Ago (c~‡e©)
Before (c~‡e©)
Come (Avmv)
Go (hvIqv)
This (Giƒc)
So (Gfv‡e)
Hither (GLv‡b)
Thither (†mLv‡b)
Hence (GLv‡b)
Thence (†mLv‡b)
Now (GLb)
Then (ZLb)
Today (AvR)
That day (Hw`b)
Tonight (AvR ivZ)
That night (H ivZ)
Tomorrow (AvMvgxKvj)
The next day/The following day (mvg‡bi w`b)
Yesterday (MZKvj)
The previous day/The day before (c~‡e©i w`b)
Last night (MZivZ)
The previous night (c~‡e©i ivZ)
Last month (MZ gvm)
The previous month/The month before (c~‡e©i gvm)
Last year (MZ eQi)
The previous year/The year before (c~‡e©i eQi)
Next week (AvMvgx mßvn)
The following week (mvg‡bi mßvn)
Next year (AvMvgx eQi)
The following year (mvg‡bi eQi)

How to use Conjunction [wKfv‡e Conjunction e¨envi Ki‡Z nq]
# MVb Abymv‡i cÖvß 5 cÖKvi Sentence †K Avgiv Indirect Narration Ki‡Z cvwi t-
Direct Narration
Indirect Narration
1. Assertive Sentence
1. that
2. Interrogative
WH-word w`‡q ïi“ n‡j
2. WH-word e‡m|
Auxiliary Verb w`‡q ïi“ n‡j
2. if / whether e‡m|
3. Imperative Sentence (Let/Let us w`‡q ïi“ n‡j)
3. that e‡m|
4. Optative Sentence
4. that e‡m|
5. Exclamatory Sentence
5. that e‡m|

Direct Narration G Reporting Verb Past Form n‡j Indirect Narration Kivi mgq wb‡gœv³ Dcv‡q cwiewZ©Z n‡e t-
Direct Narration
Indirect Narration
Assertive
Said + no object
Said
Said +  object
Said to/told
Interrogative
Say/say to
Ask/enquire
Said/said to
Asked/enquired

hw` Reporting verb Gi object _v‡K Zvn‡j enquired + of nq|
Imperative
Aby‡iva
Requested
Av‡`k
Ordered/commanded
¶gv
Begged/pardoned
Dc‡`k
Advised
wb‡la
Forbade/prohibited
cÖ¯Íve (Let)
Suggested/proposed
†Kvb wKQy bv eySv‡j
Told
Optative
B”Qv, cÖv_©bv
Wished/prayed
Exclamatory
Avb›` eySv‡j
Exclaimed with joy/delight
we¯§q eySv‡j
Exclaimed with wonder/surprise
`ytL, welv` eySv‡j
Exclaimed with grief/sorrow

Person cwieZ©‡bi wbqg t-
  1. Reported Speech Gi AšÍ©MZ First Person me©`v Reporting Verb Gi Subject Abyhvqx cwieZ©b nq|
Ex: He said to me, “I have done my duty”.
                        He said to me that he had done his duty.
  1. Reported Speech Gi AšÍ©MZ Second Person me©`v Reporting verb Gi Object Abyhvqx nq|
Ex: He said to me, “You did the work”.
He told me that I had done the work.
  1. Reported Speech Gi AšÍ©MZ Third Person AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
Ex: Rupa said to Sumi, “ She has got two pens”.
                        Rupa told Sumi that She(R) had got two pens.
# hLb e³vi †Kvb D‡j­L bv _v‡K ZLb e³v a‡i wb‡q Indirect Narration Ki‡Z nq| †hgb t-
Ex: “I shall go home soon”.
The speaker said to the person spoken to that he would go home soon.
Or, He said to me that he would go home soon. 
  1. `We’ Øviv Ôgvbe RvwZÕ eySv‡j Indirect Speech G Zv AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
Ex: She said, “We shall leave this world soon”.
She said that we would leave this world soon.
# Editorial “We” Indirect Speech G “It”G cwiewZ©Z nq|
Ex: The Independent says, “We make the people aware of this fact”.
The Independent says that it makes the people aware of this fact.
ASSERTIVE SENTENCE
Assertive Sentence Gi Indirect Narration G iƒcvšÍ‡i wbgœwjwLZ wbqg¸‡jv AbymiY K‡i Ges Ab¨ †gŠwjK wbqg¸‡jvI AbymiY Ki‡e|
  1. Reporting Verb said _vK‡j Indirect speech Gi mgq said AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|
  2. Reporting Verb Gi object _vK‡j said to Gi cwie‡Z© told e¨eüZ n‡e| GQvov say to / says to Gi cwie‡Z© tell / tells e¨eüZ n‡e|
  3. Reporting Verb says wKsev say to / says to n‡j Reported Speech Gi Tense Gi cwieZ©b n‡e bv|
  4. Reporting Verb said / said to _vK‡j Reported Speech Gi Tense Gi cwieZ©b n‡e|
  5. Reported Speech wPišÍb mZ¨ n‡j Tense Gi cwieZ©b n‡e bv|
  6. Inverted Comma Zz‡j w`‡q That e¨eüZ n‡e|
Examples:-
Direct              : Mon said, “I shall do the work”.
Indirect           : Mon said that she would do the work.
Direct              : Kamal said to me, “He will go to Dhaka”.
Indirect           : Kamal told me that he would go to Dhaka.
Direct              : They say to me, “You can help your father”.
Indirect           : They tell me that I can help my father.
Direct              : We say, “You can work hard”.
Indirect           : We say that I can work hard.
Direct              : Teacher said to us, “The earth moves round the sun”.
Indirect           : Teacher told us that the earth moves round the sun.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE
  1. Reported Speech Gi †k‡l GKwU cÖkœ‡evaK wPý _v‡K|
  2. Indirect Narration G Interrogative Reported Speech wU Assertive sentence G cwiYZ nq|
  3. Reporting verb ‡hgb say wKsev say to Gi cwie‡Z© ask ev enquire Ges said wKsev said to Gi cwie‡Z© asked ev enquired e‡m| Reporting Verb Gi Object _vK‡j Indirect Narration G enquire of / enquired of wjL‡Z nq|
  4. Reported Speech hw` Auxiliary Verb A_v©r (Do, does, did, shall, will, am, is, are, was, were, can, may BZ¨vw`) Øviv Avi¤¢ nq Ges Answer hw` “Yes” or “No” nq Z‡e Reported speech Gi cy‡e© that bv ewm‡q If/ wherther emv‡Z nq|
  5. Reported Speech wU hw` Interrogative Pronoun †hgbt- Who, which, what, when, whom, where, whose, why, how BZ¨vw`i †h †Kvb GKwU Øviv Avi¤¢ nq Z‡e If / whether bv e‡m H Pronoun wUB e‡m|
Example:-
Direct              : Father said, “Are you reading now?”
Indirect           : Father asked if he was reading then.
Direct              : Karim said to me, “Where did you go yesterday?”
Indirect           : Karim asked me where I had gone the previous day.


IMPERATIVE SENTENCE
1.      Reporting verb wU Reported speech Gi wewfbœ fve; †hgbt- Aby‡iva eySv‡j request, Av‡`k eySv‡j order/ command, ¶gv eySv‡j beg, Dc‡`k eySv‡j advise Ges Gi †KvbUvB bv eySv‡j tell e¨eüZ nq| Z‡e Reporting verb wU Past form n‡j D‡j­wLZ verb ¸‡jvi I Past form n‡e| †hgbt-
Direct              : Mother said to me, “Always speak the truth.”
Indirect           : Mother advised me to speak the truth always.
2.      Reported speech wU hw` g~j wµqv Øviv ïi“ nq Z‡e Invirted comma Zz‡j w`‡q To e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Reported speech wU ûeû wjL‡Z n‡e| G‡¶‡Î Reported speech Gi Tense Gi †Kvb cwieZ©b n‡e bv| †hgbt-
Direct              : He said to me, “Do it at once.”
Indirect           : He told me to do it at once.
3.      Imperative Sentence wU hw` Negative nq Z‡e Reporting verb Gi c‡i Not to e‡m| †hgbt-
Direct              : Father said to me, “Do not run in the sun.”
Indirect           : Father ordered or advised me not to run in the sun.
4.      Reported speech wU Please Øviv Avi¤¢ n‡j Please Zz‡j w`‡q cÖ_‡g Kindly e¨envi Kiv hvq| Z‡e ïay Please ev` w`‡jI P‡j| †hgbt-
Direct              : Matin said to Hamid, “Please lend me your pen.”
Indirect           : Matin requested Hamid to lend him (M) his pen.
                              Or, Matin requested Hamid to kindly lend him (M) his pen.
5.      Reported speech G Vocative case (A_v©r KvD‡K m‡¤^vab Kiv eySv‡j) _vK‡j Zv ev` w`‡Z nq A_ev AwZwi³ wn‡m‡e Addressing †hvM Ki‡Z nq| †hgbtÑ
Direct              : He said, “Suman, come here.”
Indirect           : He tole Suman to go there. Or, Addressing Suman he told him to go there.
6.      Reported speech wU Let Øviv ïi“ n‡j Ges cÖ¯Íve †`qv eySv‡j Reporting verb Gi cwie‡Z© Propose or suggest e¨eüZ nq| Inverted comma Gi cwie‡Z© that e¨eüZ nq| Reported speech G KZ©vi c‡i should emv‡Z nq| †hgbt-   Direct       : Student said to me, “Let us arrange for a picnic.”
Indirect           : Student proposed to me that they should arrange for a picnic.
we. `ª.:- g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e Reporting verb Gi Subject third person n‡j that Gi c‡i we e‡m Ges Reporting verb Gi Subject first person n‡j that Gi c‡i they e‡m|
7.      Direct speech G Let _vKv m‡Ë¡I evK¨wUi A_© hw` cÖ¯Íve bv eySvq Z‡e KZ©vi c‡i may ev might wKsev might be allowed to emv‡Z nq| Z‡e evK¨wUi A_v©bymv‡i †h †Kvb iKg cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i| †hgbt-
Direct              : Suman said, “Let him say whatever he likes.”
Indirect           : Suman said that he might say whatever he liked.
Direct              : He said to me, “Let me come in.”
Indirect           : He requested me that he might be allowed to come in.
GLv‡b j¶Yxq †h, Reported speech Gi Tense Gi cwieZ©b Assertive sentence Gi gZB n‡”Q|
OPTATIVE SENTENCE
  1. Inverted comma DwV‡q w`‡q that emv‡Z nq|
  2. Reporting verb DwV‡q wish ev pray e¨eüZ nq|
  3. Reported speech Gi KZ©vi c‡i may ev might e¨eüZ nq|
  4. Ab¨vb¨ wbqg Assertive Sentence Gi b¨vq n‡e| †hgbt-
Direct              : My mother said, “May God bless you.”
Indirect           : My mother prayed that God might bless me.
Direct              : He said, “Long live the king.”
Indirect           : He prayed that the king might live long.






EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE
  1. Reported speech wU Assertive Sentence G cwiYZ nq|
  2. Inverted comma DwV‡q w`‡q that emv‡Z nq|
  3. Reporting verb Zz‡j Reported speech Gi wewfbœ fve Abyhvqx †hgbt- Avb›` eySv‡j exclaim with joy/delight, we¯§q eySv‡j exclaim with wonder/surprise, `ytL welv` eySv‡j exclaim with grief/sorrow, ïf B”Qvq wish, we`vq eySv‡j bid, cÖwZÁv eySv‡j swear BZ¨vw` e¨eüZ nq|
Direct              : The captain said, “Hurrah! Our team has won.”
Indirect           : The captain exclaimed with joy that their team had won.
4.   Reported speech wU What/How Øviv ïi“ n‡j Indirect Narration G G‡`i cwie‡Z© greatly, very, very much wKsev great Øviv ev‡K¨i fve cÖKvk Kiv nq|
Direct              : You told, “What a happy news it is!”
Indirect           : You told that it was a very happy news.

LEARNING PASSAGE NARRATION BY STEPS
Step:1
  1. GKwU Passage †_‡K cÖ_‡gB e³v (Speaker) I †kªvZv‡K (Listener) wPwüZ Ki‡Z n‡e| GwU GKwU WvqvMÖv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v †`qv hvq|
“…………………………………..………….………” “…………………………………………...” “………………….”, Speaker, …………………   ………………………………………………… ……………………………… Listener ……………………………………     ……..………………
........................................................    .................................................................  ..............................
.......................   .................................................................     .............................................................
Passage
  1. Reporting Verb ‡hLv‡bB _vKzK bv †Kb Zv Reported Speech Gi ïi“‡ZB e¨eüZ n‡e| WvqvMÖv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v †`qv hvq t
Reporting Verb                                   Reported Speech
Reported Speech                     Reporting Verb                       Reported Speech






Reported Speech                                 Reporting Verb
 

  1. GKB e³vi e³e¨ K‡qKevi _v‡K Ges wewfbœ cÖKvi ev‡K¨i ev GKB cÖKvi ev‡K¨i n‡Z cv‡i| †m †¶‡Î e³e¨¸‡jv wbgœ Dcv‡q hy³ n‡Z cv‡i|
Assertive Sentence                              and said
Interrogative Sentence                        and asked if / ______ /
Imperative Sentence                           and ordered / required to
Optative Sentence                               and prayed for
Exclamatory Sentence                        and exclaimed with joy / sorrow
  1. Reported Speech Gi g‡a¨ “Yes” ev “No” _vK‡j Reporting verb wn‡m‡e Replied in the affirmative ev negative e¨eüZ n‡e| WvqvMÖv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ ------
Reporting Verb                                   Yes/No
Sub + Replied in the affirmative or negative

“Yes” ev “No” Gi ci e³e¨ _vK‡j Replied in the affirmative / Replied in the negative and e¨eüZ n‡e| WvqvMÖv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ -------
Reporting Verb                                   Yes/No
Sub + Replied in the affirmative or negative
  1. e³vi e³e¨ GKB iK‡gi K‡qKevi n‡j,  †m‡¶‡Î wbgœwjwLZ Dcv‡q hy³ n‡Z cv‡i|
Assertive Sentence                              said that
Assertive Sentence                              and added that
Assertive Sentence                              and further added that
Assertive Sentence                              and more over added that
Assertive Sentence                              and again added that
Interrogative Sentence                        asked if
Interrogative Sentence                        and further asked and 
Interrogative Sentence                        and more asked
Interrogative Sentence                        and again asked
  1. ‡Kvb Passage G speaker I listener D‡j­L bv _vK‡j The speaker (e³vi ¯’v‡b) I The listener (†kªvZvi ¯’v‡b) e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
Reporting Verb
Reported Speech
The speaker
What is she doing?
The listener
She is trying to sleep.
The speaker
Is she sick?
The listener
She is sick a little bit.
N.B:- hLb †kªvZvi bvg D‡j­L _v‡K bv ZLb Reporting verb wn‡m‡e Replied e¨eüZ n‡e| Avi hw` Reported speech wU Imperative Sentence nq Ges Please w`‡q ïi“ n‡j to Gi c‡i kindly e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
†hgbt-   Direct      : He said to me, “Please, give me your pen”.
Indirect  : He requested me to kindly give him my pen.

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